{"id":4573,"date":"2022-11-15T06:42:38","date_gmt":"2022-11-15T05:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/santpaubarcelona.org\/recinte-modernista\/historia\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T09:53:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T07:53:22","slug":"historia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/santpaubarcelona.org\/fr\/recinte-modernista\/historia\/","title":{"rendered":"Histoire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019h\u00f4pital m\u00e9di\u00e9val<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au d\u00e9but du XVe si\u00e8cle, la ville de Barcelone comptait six petits h\u00f4pitaux : l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Desvilar ou de l\u2019Almoina, l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Marc\u00fas, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Colom, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Vilar ou de Sant Maci\u00e0, l\u2019Hospital de Santa Eul\u00e0lia et l\u2019Hospital de Sant Ll\u00e0tzer ou de Santa Margarida. Ces institutions avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es par des ordres religieux ou des particuliers et, bien qu\u2019elles d\u00e9pendissent du Consell de Cent ou du Chapitre de la cath\u00e9drale, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 de leurs revenus provenait de la charit\u00e9 de la population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019ancien Hospital de la Santa Creu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1401, les difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques rencontr\u00e9es par une grande partie de ces \u00e9tablissements amen\u00e8rent le Consell de Cent et le Chapitre de la cath\u00e9drale \u00e0 d\u00e9cider de construire un nouvel h\u00f4pital unique, issu de la fusion des six \u00e9tablissements de sant\u00e9. Cette mesure visait \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l\u2019administration et la gestion des revenus. Elle fut ratifi\u00e9e le 5 septembre de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e par une bulle du pape Beno\u00eet XIII, qui autorisa la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le nouvel \u00e9tablissement, l\u2019un des plus anciens d\u2019Europe et du monde, fut con\u00e7u comme un b\u00e2timent de grandes dimensions compos\u00e9 de quatre ailes rectangulaires de deux \u00e9tages, dispos\u00e9es autour d\u2019une cour selon le mod\u00e8le des clo\u00eetres eccl\u00e9siastiques. Le roi Martin l\u2019Humain assista \u00e0 la pose de la premi\u00e8re pierre du b\u00e2timent le 13 f\u00e9vrier 1401. Les travaux s\u2019achev\u00e8rent en 1450. Par la suite, au XVIIe si\u00e8cle, le b\u00e2timent fut agrandi avec la construction de la Casa de Convalesc\u00e8ncia, tandis que des interventions mineures furent r\u00e9alis\u00e9es au cours du XIXe si\u00e8cle et au d\u00e9but du XXe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depuis sa fondation, l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu \u00e9tait dirig\u00e9 par la Molt Il\u00b7lustre Administraci\u00f3 (MIA), un organe compos\u00e9 de deux chanoines et de deux citoyens la\u00efcs d\u00e9sign\u00e9s respectivement par le Chapitre de la cath\u00e9drale et le Consell de Cent. Les revenus de l\u2019institution continu\u00e8rent \u00e0 d\u00e9pendre des aum\u00f4nes, des dons et des legs de particuliers. Deux personnes, un eccl\u00e9siastique et un la\u00efc, \u00e9taient ainsi directement charg\u00e9es du contr\u00f4le des revenus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au fil des ann\u00e9es, l\u2019H\u00f4pital b\u00e9n\u00e9ficia de nouvelles sources de financement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents privil\u00e8ges accord\u00e9s par les rois et les papes. Parmi ceux-ci figuraient notamment le privil\u00e8ge d\u2019h\u00e9riter des biens des personnes d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es sans testament ni descendance l\u00e9gitime (Alphonse le Magnanime, 1418), ainsi que le privil\u00e8ge des com\u00e9dies (Philippe II, 1587), qui accordait \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4pital le droit exclusif d\u2019organiser des repr\u00e9sentations th\u00e9\u00e2trales \u00e0 Barcelone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pendant plus de cinq si\u00e8cles, l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu fut le grand h\u00f4pital de la ville de Barcelone et de sa zone d\u2019influence. Son activit\u00e9 caritative allait bien au-del\u00e0 des soins aux malades puisque, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle, l\u2019\u00e9tablissement assurait \u00e9galement une importante mission d\u2019accueil et de formation des enfants orphelins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sa contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution de la m\u00e9decine fut fondamentale. L\u2019activit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu favorisa la cr\u00e9ation du Real Colegio de Cirug\u00eda, qui allait devenir le germe de la future Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine. \u00c0 partir du XIXe si\u00e8cle, l\u2019H\u00f4pital devint en effet le centre d\u2019une importante activit\u00e9 d\u2019enseignement et de recherche scientifique, ce qui en fit un \u00e9tablissement hospitalier de premier plan, au m\u00eame niveau que les grands h\u00f4pitaux europ\u00e9ens qui commen\u00e7aient alors \u00e0 \u00eatre construits sur l\u2019ensemble du continent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, toutefois, le b\u00e2timent gothique du Raval commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 montrer des signes d\u2019\u00e9puisement. Apr\u00e8s cinq si\u00e8cles d\u2019activit\u00e9 ininterrompue, l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu ne pouvait plus r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la croissance de la ville de Barcelone ni aux progr\u00e8s constants de la m\u00e9decine. La construction d\u2019un nouvel h\u00f4pital devenait indispensable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019h\u00f4pital moderniste<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es d\u2019activit\u00e9 de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu co\u00efncident avec la grande transformation urbanistique de Barcelone : le d\u00e9veloppement du plan Cerd\u00e0 et la construction de l\u2019Eixample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est dans ce contexte d\u2019expansion au-del\u00e0 des murailles que Pau Gil i Serra, banquier catalan install\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris, meurt en 1896. Dans son testament, Gil stipule que son legs doit \u00eatre consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la construction d\u2019un nouvel h\u00f4pital \u00e0 Barcelone. Il exige notamment que le nouvel \u00e9tablissement int\u00e8gre les innovations les plus avanc\u00e9es sur les plans technologique, architectural et m\u00e9dical, et qu\u2019il soit plac\u00e9 sous le patronage de saint Paul. C\u2019est ainsi que naquit l\u2019Hospital de Sant Pau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019accord conclu entre le conseil d\u2019administration de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu et les ex\u00e9cuteurs testamentaires de Pau Gil permit la construction d\u2019un nouvel h\u00f4pital sur des terrains appartenant \u00e0 la Santa Creu, situ\u00e9s \u00e0 mi-chemin entre Gr\u00e0cia, Horta, le Guinard\u00f3 et Sant Mart\u00ed de Proven\u00e7als. Le projet fut finalement confi\u00e9 \u00e0 Llu\u00eds Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner (1850-1923), grande figure du Modernisme catalan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019\u0153uvre de Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour concevoir le projet, le brillant architecte s\u2019inspira des h\u00f4pitaux les plus modernes d\u2019Europe. S\u2019appuyant sur les principes hygi\u00e9nistes, il con\u00e7ut un h\u00f4pital organis\u00e9 en diff\u00e9rents pavillons ind\u00e9pendants, entour\u00e9s de jardins et reli\u00e9s entre eux par un r\u00e9seau de tunnels souterrains. Bien que Dom\u00e8nech ait imagin\u00e9 un projet compos\u00e9 de 48 b\u00e2timents, seuls 27 furent finalement construits, dont seulement 16 selon le projet moderniste original.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans les grandes lignes, Dom\u00e8nech cr\u00e9a un plan carr\u00e9 organis\u00e9 autour de deux axes diagonaux, l\u2019un nord-sud et l\u2019autre est-ouest, qui forment une croix bien visible, embl\u00e8me de l\u2019ancien Hospital de la Santa Creu. Cette disposition r\u00e9sume et symbolise \u00e0 la fois l\u2019histoire hospitali\u00e8re de Barcelone et les valeurs all\u00e9goriques du Moyen \u00c2ge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Un \u00e9difice moderniste sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 1902 d\u00e9buta la construction des dix premiers b\u00e2timents de l\u2019ensemble, selon une trame urbaine diff\u00e9rente de celle de l\u2019Eixample. Chaque b\u00e2timent \u00e9tait consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale diff\u00e9rente. La lumi\u00e8re naturelle, la bonne ventilation et la d\u00e9coration des espaces firent de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau un lieu unique au monde, un nouveau mod\u00e8le hospitalier int\u00e9grant l\u2019importance des espaces ouverts et de l\u2019ensoleillement dans le traitement des patients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s la mort de l\u2019architecte, son fils, Pere Dom\u00e8nech i Roura, prit en charge l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des travaux durant leur phase finale. Le roi Alphonse XIII inaugura l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau le 16 janvier 1930.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au fil des ann\u00e9es, en plus d\u2019\u00eatre un h\u00f4pital de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la population, Sant Pau est devenu un \u00e9l\u00e9ment majeur du patrimoine et de la culture de Barcelone et de la Catalogne. Il fut d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Monument historique et artistique en 1978 et inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l\u2019UNESCO en 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019augmentation de la demande de soins et la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration structurelle des b\u00e2timents mirent en \u00e9vidence que l\u2019ensemble moderniste ne r\u00e9unissait plus les conditions n\u00e9cessaires pour maintenir la qualit\u00e9 des soins. C\u2019est alors que commen\u00e7a \u00e0 \u00eatre envisag\u00e9e la construction d\u2019un nouvel h\u00f4pital, moderne et adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la pratique m\u00e9dicale contemporaine. Les b\u00e2timents de Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner \u00e9taient arriv\u00e9s au terme de leur vie utile en tant qu\u2019h\u00f4pital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 l\u2019automne 2009, l\u2019activit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale fut transf\u00e9r\u00e9e dans un b\u00e2timent moderne situ\u00e9 sur la fa\u00e7ade nord de l\u2019ensemble. Le Recinte Modernista entama alors une nouvelle \u00e9tape. Une restauration rigoureuse a permis de mettre en valeur l\u2019\u0153uvre de Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner et de faire de Sant Pau un centre de connaissance de dimension internationale ainsi qu\u2019un nouveau p\u00f4le culturel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour en savoir plus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/desantacreuasantpau.blogspot.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Blog de l&rsquo;Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019h\u00f4pital m\u00e9di\u00e9val Au d\u00e9but du XVe si\u00e8cle, la ville de Barcelone comptait six petits h\u00f4pitaux : l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Desvilar ou de l\u2019Almoina, l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Marc\u00fas, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Colom, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Vilar ou de Sant Maci\u00e0, l\u2019Hospital de Santa Eul\u00e0lia et l\u2019Hospital de Sant Ll\u00e0tzer ou de Santa Margarida. Ces institutions avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1000,"featured_media":4231,"parent":4565,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/domenec.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4573","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Histoire | Recinte Modernista Sant Pau Barcelona<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/santpaubarcelona.org\/fr\/recinte-modernista\/historia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Histoire | Recinte Modernista Sant Pau Barcelona\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L\u2019h\u00f4pital m\u00e9di\u00e9val Au d\u00e9but du XVe si\u00e8cle, la ville de Barcelone comptait six petits h\u00f4pitaux : l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Desvilar ou de l\u2019Almoina, l\u2019Hospital d\u2019en Marc\u00fas, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Colom, l\u2019Hospital del canonge Vilar ou de Sant Maci\u00e0, l\u2019Hospital de Santa Eul\u00e0lia et l\u2019Hospital de Sant Ll\u00e0tzer ou de Santa Margarida. 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